LINUX : FAQ

  • What Is Linux?
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    What Is Linux? Linux is the kernel of operating systems that look like and perform as

  • How to Get Started
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    How to Get Started There are a handful of major Linux distributions. For information about

  • What Software does Linux Support?
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    What Software does Linux Support? All of the standard open source utilities, like GCC,

  • How to Find a Particular Application
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    How to Find a Particular Application Look first in the Linux Software Map. It's at: ftp://

  • What Hardware Is Supported?
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    What Hardware Is Supported? A minimal Linux installation requires a machine for which a

  • Ports to Other Processors
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    Ports to Other Processors The Web site, Overview of Linux Ports: http://www.itp.uni-hannov

  • Disk Space Requirements: Minimal, Server, and Workstation
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    Disk Space Requirements: Minimal, Server, and Workstation About 10Mb for a very minimal instal

  • Minimum and Maximum Memory Requirements
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    Minimum and Maximum Memory Requirements At least 4MB, and then you will need to use special in

  • Does Linux Support Universal System Bus Devices?
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    Does Linux Support Universal System Bus Devices? Linux supports a few dozen USB devices

  • What Is Linux's Open-Source License?
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    What Is Linux's Open-Source License? The Linux trademark belongs to Linus Torvalds. He

  • Is Linux *nix?
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    Is Linux *nix? Not officially, until it passes the Open Group's certification tests,

  • Where Is the Latest Kernel Version on the Internet?
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    Where Is the Latest Kernel Version on the Internet? Make that versions. The 2.0 series

  • Where Is the Documentation?
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    Where Is the Documentation? Look in the following places, and the sites that mirror the

  • Where Is the Linux Stuff on the World Wide Web?
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    Where Is the Linux Stuff on the World Wide Web? In addition to the Linux Documentation

  • What News Groups Are There for Linux?
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    What News Groups Are There for Linux? Comp.os.linux.announce is the moderated announcem

  • What Other FAQ's and Documentation Are There for Linux?
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    What Other FAQ's and Documentation Are There for Linux? There are a number of special i

  • Where Are the Linux FTP Archives?
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    Where Are the Linux FTP Archives? There are three main archive sites for Linux:

  • How To Get Linux without FTP Access
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    How To Get Linux without FTP Access The easiest thing is probably to find a friend with FTP ac

  • How To Get Information without Usenet Access
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    How To Get Information without Usenet Access A digest of comp.os.linux.announce is available b

  • What Mailing Lists Are There?
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    What Mailing Lists Are There? The Linux developers now mainly use the Majordomo server

  • Where Are Linux Legal Issues Discussed?
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    Where Are Linux Legal Issues Discussed? On the linux-legal mailing list, of course. You

  • Sources of Information for Unmaintained Free Software Projects
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    Sources of Information for Unmaintained Free Software Projects There are Web pages at: http://

  • Are the News Groups Archived Anywhere?
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    Are the News Groups Archived Anywhere? The Usenet Linux news groups are archived at

  • Where To Find Information About Security Related Issues
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    Where To Find Information About Security Related Issues There's a page of Linux related securi

  • Where To Find Linux System Specifications
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    Where To Find Linux System Specifications As a start, look at the Linux Standards Base, ht

  • Can Linux Use the Same Hard Drive as MS-DOS? OS/2? 386BSD? Win95?
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    Can Linux Use the Same Hard Drive as MS-DOS? OS/2? 386BSD? Win95? Yes. Linux uses the s

  • How To Access Files on a MS-DOS Partition or Floppy
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    How To Access Files on a MS-DOS Partition or Floppy Use the DOS file system, type, for example

  • Does Linux Support Compressed Ext2 File Systems?
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    Does Linux Support Compressed Ext2 File Systems? The ext2compr project provides a kerne

  • Can Linux Use Stacked/DBLSPC/Etc
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    Can Linux Use Stacked/DBLSPC/Etc Until recently, not very easily. You can access DOS 6.X volum

  • Can Linux Access OS/2 HPFS Partitions?
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    Can Linux Access OS/2 HPFS Partitions? Yes, but Linux access to HPFS partitions is read

  • Can Linux Access Amiga File Systems?
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    Can Linux Access Amiga File Systems? The Linux kernel has support for the Amiga Fast Fi

  • Can Linux Access BSD, SysV, Etc
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    Can Linux Access BSD, SysV, Etc Recent kernels can mount (read only) the UFS file system used

  • Can Linux Access SMB File Systems?
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    Can Linux Access SMB File Systems? Linux supports read/write access of Windows for Work

  • Can Linux Access Macintosh File Systems?
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    Can Linux Access Macintosh File Systems? There is a set of user-level programs that rea

  • Can Linux Run Microsoft Windows Programs?
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    Can Linux Run Microsoft Windows Programs? WINE, a MS Windows emulator for Linux, is sti

  • Where Is Information about NFS Compatibility?
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    Where Is Information about NFS Compatibility? This information is partly taken from Nic

  • Can Linux Use True Type Fonts?
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    Can Linux Use True Type Fonts? Yes. There are a number of True Type font servers for th

  • Can Linux Boot from MS-DOS?
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    Can Linux Boot from MS-DOS? If LILO doesn't work, and if the machine has MS-DOS or Micr

  • How Can Linux Boot from OS/2's Boot Manager?
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    How Can Linux Boot from OS/2's Boot Manager? 1. Create a partition using OS/2's FDISK.

  • How To Get Linux to Work with a Disk
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    How To Get Linux to Work with a Disk If your disk is an IDE or EIDE drive, you should read the

  • How To Undelete Files
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    How To Undelete Files In general, this is very hard to do on unices because of their multi

  • How To Make Backups
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    How To Make Backups You can back up a directory hierarchy or complete file system to any m

  • How To Resize a Partition (Non-Destructively)
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    How To Resize a Partition (Non-Destructively) Use the FIPS.EXE program, included with most Lin

  • Is There a Defragmenter for Ext2fs?
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    Is There a Defragmenter for Ext2fs? Yes. There is defrag, a Linux file system defragmen

  • How To Create a File System on a Floppy
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    How To Create a File System on a Floppy To format a 3.5-inch, high density floppy: $

  • Does Linux Support Virtualized File Systems Like RAID?
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    Does Linux Support Virtualized File Systems Like RAID? The most recent Linux kernels su

  • Does Linux Support File System Encryption?
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    Does Linux Support File System Encryption? Yes. One file system, ppdd, is archived at

  • Linux Prints Nasty Messages about Inodes, Blocks, and the Like
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    Linux Prints Nasty Messages about Inodes, Blocks, and the Like You may have a corrupted file s

  • The Swap Area Isn't Working
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    The Swap Area Isn't Working When you boot (or enable swapping manually) you should see

  • How To Add Temporary Swap Space
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    How To Add Temporary Swap Space In addition to a swap partition, Linux can also use a swap fil

  • How To Remove LILO So the System Boots DOS Again?
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    How To Remove LILO So the System Boots DOS Again? The lilo program (not the complete LI

  • Why Does fdformat Require Superuser Privileges?
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    Why Does fdformat Require Superuser Privileges? The system call to format a floppy can

  • The System Checks the Ext2fs Partitions Each Reboot
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    The System Checks the Ext2fs Partitions Each Reboot Refer to ("EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unch

  • Root File System Is Read-Only
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    Root File System Is Read-Only Remount it. If /etc/fstab is correct, you can simply type:

  • What Is /proc/kcore?
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    What Is /proc/kcore? None of the files in /proc are really there--they're all, "pretend

  • The AHA1542C Doesn't Work with Linux
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    The AHA1542C Doesn't Work with Linux The option to allow disks with more than 1024 cylinders,

  • Where Is the Journalling File System on the Net?
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    Where Is the Journalling File System on the Net? The journalling file system, named Rei

  • How To Compile Programs
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    How To Compile Programs Most Linux software is written in C and compiled with the GNU C co

  • How To Install GNU Software
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    How To Install GNU Software On a correctly configured system, installing a GNU software packag

  • Where To Get Java
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    Where To Get Java The Sun Microsystems Java runtime environments and developer's kits are

  • How To Port XXX to Linux
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    How To Port XXX to Linux In general, *nix programs need very little porting. Simply follow the

  • What Is ld.so and How To Get It?
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    What Is ld.so and How To Get It? ld.so is the dynamic library loader. Each binary using

  • How To Upgrade the Libraries without Trashing the System
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    How To Upgrade the Libraries without Trashing the System Warning Note: You should alw

  • How To Use Code or a Compiler Compiled for a 486 on a 386
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    How To Use Code or a Compiler Compiled for a 486 on a 386 Yes, unless it's the kernel.

  • What Does "gcc -O6" Do?
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    What Does "gcc -O6" Do? Currently, the same as -O2 (GCC 2.5) or -O3 (GCC 2.6, 2.7). Any

  • Where Are linux/*.h and asm/*.h?
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    Where Are linux/*.h and asm/*.h? The files /usr/include/linux/ and /usr/include/asm/ ar

  • What To Do about Errors Trying to Compile the Kernel
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    What To Do about Errors Trying to Compile the Kernel See the previous question regarding the h

  • How To Make a Shared Library
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    How To Make a Shared Library For ELF, $ gcc -fPIC -c *.c $ gcc -shared -Wl,-sonam

  • Programs Are Very Large
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    Programs Are Very Large With an ELF compiler ("What's All This about ELF? glibc?"), the most

  • Does Linux Support Threads or Lightweight Processes?
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    Does Linux Support Threads or Lightweight Processes? As well as the Unix multiprocessin

  • Where To Find lint for Linux
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    Where To Find lint for Linux Roughly equivalent functionality is built into GCC. Use the -Wall

  • Where To Find Kermit for Linux
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    Where To Find Kermit for Linux Kermit is distributed under a non-GPL copyright that makes its

  • How To Use Linux with a Cable Modem
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    How To Use Linux with a Cable Modem The www.CablemodemInfo.com and xDSL Web page at http:/

  • Is There an ICQ Program That Runs under Linux?
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    Is There an ICQ Program That Runs under Linux? Several ICQ clients are available on met

  • FTP Transfers Seem to Hang
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    FTP Transfers Seem to Hang FTP transfers that die suddenly are due, apparently, to some form o

  • Free Dumps Core
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    Free Dumps Core In Linux 1.3.57 and later, the format of /proc/meminfo was changed in a wa

  • Netscape Crashes Frequently
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    Netscape Crashes Frequently Netscape shouldn't crash, if it and the network are properly c

  • FTP or Telnet Server Won't Allow Logins
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    FTP or Telnet Server Won't Allow Logins This applies to server daemons that respond to clients

  • How To Keep Track of Bookmarks in Netscape?
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    How To Keep Track of Bookmarks in Netscape? This probably applies to most other browser

  • The Computer Has the Wrong Time
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    The Computer Has the Wrong Time There are two clocks in your computer. The hardware (CMOS) clo

  • Setuid Scripts Don't Seem to Work
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    Setuid Scripts Don't Seem to Work That's right. This feature has been disabled in the Linux ke

  • Free Memory as Reported by free Keeps Shrinking
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    Free Memory as Reported by free Keeps Shrinking The "free" figure printed by free doesn't incl

  • When Adding More Memory, the System Slows to a Crawl
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    When Adding More Memory, the System Slows to a Crawl This is a common symptom of a failure to

  • Some Programs (E.g
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    Some Programs (E.g You are probably using non-shadow password programs and are using shado

  • Some Programs Allow Logins with No Password
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    Some Programs Allow Logins with No Password You probably have the same problem as in ("Some Pr

  • The Machine Runs Very Slowly with GCC / X / ..
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    The Machine Runs Very Slowly with GCC / X / .. You may have too little real memory. If you hav

  • System Only Allows Root Logins
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    System Only Allows Root Logins You probably have some permission problems, or you have a file

  • The Screen Is All Full of Weird Characters Instead of Letters
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    The Screen Is All Full of Weird Characters Instead of Letters You probably sent some binary da

  • I Screwed Up the System and Can't Log In to Fix It
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    I Screwed Up the System and Can't Log In to Fix It Reboot from an emergency floppy or floppy p

  • I Forgot the root Password
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    I Forgot the root Password Note: Incorrectly editing any of the files in the /etc/ directory c

  • There's a Huge Security Hole in rm!
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    There's a Huge Security Hole in rm! No there isn't. You are obviously new to unices and

  • lpr and/or lpd Don't Work
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    lpr and/or lpd Don't Work First make sure that your /dev/lp* port is correctly configured. Its

  • Timestamps on Files on MS-DOS Partitions Are Set Incorrectly
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    Timestamps on Files on MS-DOS Partitions Are Set Incorrectly There is a bug in the prog

  • How To Get LILO to Boot the Kernel Image
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    How To Get LILO to Boot the Kernel Image From kernel versions 1.1.80 on, the compressed kernel

  • How To Make Sure the System Boots after Re-Installing the Operating
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    System. How To Make Sure the System Boots after Re-Installing the Operating System. T

  • The PCMCIA Card Doesn't Work after Upgrading the Kernel
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    The PCMCIA Card Doesn't Work after Upgrading the Kernel The PCMCIA Card Services modules, whic

  • How To Remove (or Change) the Colors in the ls Display
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    How To Remove (or Change) the Colors in the ls Display The shell command, "unalias ls," should

  • Why Won't a Program Work in the Current Directory?
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    Why Won't a Program Work in the Current Directory? Because the current directory (i.e.,

  • How To Find Out If a Notebook Runs Linux
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    How To Find Out If a Notebook Runs Linux There's no fixed answer to this question, because not

  • Installing Linux Using FTP
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    Installing Linux Using FTP Most distributions are too large and complex to make FTP installati

  • Resuming an Interrupted Download
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    Resuming an Interrupted Download You can use the "reget" command of the standard ftp client pr

  • Boot-Time Configuration
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    Boot-Time Configuration You can configure Linux at the lilo: prompt either by typing the k

  • Formatting Man Pages without man or groff
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    Formatting Man Pages without man or groff The man2html program translates groff text to HTML,

  • How To Scroll Backwards in Text Mode
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    How To Scroll Backwards in Text Mode With the default US keymap, you can use Shift with the Pg

  • How To Get Email to Work
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    How To Get Email to Work For sending mail via SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and rec

  • Sendmail Pauses for Up to a Minute at Each Command
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    Sendmail Pauses for Up to a Minute at Each Command Make sure that Sendmail can resolve your ho

  • How To Enable and Select Virtual Consoles
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    How To Enable and Select Virtual Consoles In text mode, press the left Alt-F1 to Alt-F12 to se

  • How To Set the Time Zone
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    How To Set the Time Zone Change directory to /usr/lib/zoneinfo/. Get the time zone package if

  • Dial-up PPP Configuration
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    Dial-up PPP Configuration This information is mainly for people who do not have a wrapper

  • What Version of Linux and What Machine Name Is This?
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    What Version of Linux and What Machine Name Is This? Type: $ uname -a

  • What Is a "core" File?
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    What Is a "core" File? A core file is created when a program terminates unexpectedly, d

  • How To Enable or Disable Core Dumps
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    How To Enable or Disable Core Dumps By using the ulimit command in bash, the limit command in

  • How To Upgrade/Recompile a Kernel
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    How To Upgrade/Recompile a Kernel See the Kernel HOWTO or the README files which come with the

  • Can Linux Use More than 3 Serial Ports by Sharing Interrupts?
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    Can Linux Use More than 3 Serial Ports by Sharing Interrupts? Yes, but you won't be abl

  • Configuring Emacs's Default Settings
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    Configuring Emacs's Default Settings Create a file in your home directory named .emacs with th

  • How To Make a Rescue Floppy
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    How To Make a Rescue Floppy Make a file system on it with bin, etc, lib and dev directorie

  • How To Remap a Keyboard to UK, French, Etc.?
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    How To Remap a Keyboard to UK, French, Etc.? For recent kernels, get /pub/Linux/system/

  • How To Get NUM LOCK to Default to On
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    How To Get NUM LOCK to Default to On Use the setleds program, for example (in /etc/rc.local or

  • How To Set (Or Reset) Initial Terminal Colors
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    How To Set (Or Reset) Initial Terminal Colors The following shell script should work for VGA c

  • How To Have More Than 128Mb of Swap
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    How To Have More Than 128Mb of Swap Use several swap partitions or swap files. Linux kernels b

  • How To Program XYZ Under Linux
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    How To Program XYZ Under Linux Read the manuals, or a good book on Unix and the manual pages (

  • What's All This about ELF? glibc?
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    What's All This about ELF? glibc? See the ELF HOWTO by Daniel Barlow. Note that this is

  • How To Determine What Packages Are Installed on a System
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    How To Determine What Packages Are Installed on a System For distributions that use RPM format

  • What Is a .gz File? And a .tgz? And .bz2? And..
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    What Is a .gz File? And a .tgz? And .bz2? And.. gz (and .z) files are compressed using GNU gzi

  • What Does VFS Stand For?
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    What Does VFS Stand For? Virtual File System. It's the abstraction layer between the us

  • What is a BogoMip?
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    What is a BogoMip? "BogoMips" is a combination of Bogus and Mips. MIPS stands for (

  • What Online/Free Periodicals Exist for Linux?
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    What Online/Free Periodicals Exist for Linux? There are a number of recent additions to

  • How Many People Use Linux?
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    How Many People Use Linux? Linux is freely available, and no one is required to registe

  • How Many People Use Linux? (Redux.)
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    How Many People Use Linux? (Redux.) In 1999, International Data Corporation released it

  • What Is the Best (Distribution|SCSI Card|Editor|CD-ROM Drive|....)
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    What Is the Best (Distribution|SCSI Card|Editor|CD-ROM Drive|....) The "best" of anythi

  • How Does One Pronounce Linux?
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    How Does One Pronounce Linux? This question produces an outrageous amount of heated deb

  • Modprobe Can't Locate Module, XXX, and Similar Messages
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    Modprobe Can't Locate Module, XXX, and Similar Messages These types of messages mostly occur a

  • Unknown Terminal Type "linux" and Similar
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    Unknown Terminal Type "linux" and Similar In early kernels the default console terminal type h

  • INET: Warning: old style ioctl..
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    INET: Warning: old style ioctl.. You are trying to use the old network configuration utilities

  • ld: unrecognized option '-m486'
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    ld: unrecognized option '-m486' You have an old version of ld. Install a newer binutils

  • GCC Says, "Internal compiler error."
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    GCC Says, "Internal compiler error." If the fault is repeatable (i.e., it always happen

  • Make Says, "Error 139."
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    Make Says, "Error 139." Your compiler (GCC) dumped core. You probably have a corrupted,

  • Shell-Init: Permission Denied when I Log In
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    Shell-Init: Permission Denied when I Log In Your root directory and all the directories up to

  • No Utmp Entry
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    No Utmp Entry Your /var/run/utmp is screwed up. You should have /var/run/utmp

  • Warning--bdflush Not Running
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    Warning--bdflush Not Running Modern kernels use a better strategy for writing cached disk bloc

  • Warning: obsolete routing request made
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    Warning: obsolete routing request made This is nothing to worry about. The message means that

  • EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked file system
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    EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked file system You need to run e2fsck (or fsck -t ext2 if yo

  • EXT2-fs warning: maximal count reached
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    EXT2-fs warning: maximal count reached This message is issued by the kernel when it mounts a f

  • EXT2-fs warning: checktime reached
    Size: 0 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    EXT2-fs warning: checktime reached Kernels from 1.0 onwards support checking a file system bas

  • df Says, "Cannot read table of mounted file systems."
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    df Says, "Cannot read table of mounted file systems." There is probably something wrong

  • fdisk Says, "Partition X has different physical/logical..."
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    fdisk Says, "Partition X has different physical/logical..." If the partition number (X,

  • fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary
    Size: 2 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary The version of fdisk that comes with ma

  • fdisk Says Partition n Has an Odd Number of Sectors
    Size: 0 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    fdisk Says Partition n Has an Odd Number of Sectors The PC disk partitioning scheme works in 5

  • Mtools Utilities Say They Cannot Initialize Drive X
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    Mtools Utilities Say They Cannot Initialize Drive X This means that mtools is having trouble a

  • At the Start of Booting: Memory tight
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    At the Start of Booting: Memory tight This means that you have an extra-large kernel, w

  • The System Log Says, "end_request: I/O error, ...."
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    The System Log Says, "end_request: I/O error, ...." This error message, and messages li

  • "You don't exist
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    "You don't exist This is not a viral infection. It comes from programs like write, talk, a

  • "Operation not permitted."
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    "Operation not permitted." One or more of the file's or directory's attribute bits are

  • programname: error in loading shared libraries: lib xxx..soopen shared object file: No such file or directory.
    Size: 3 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    programname: error in loading shared libraries: lib xxx..soopen shared object file: No suc

  • "init: Id "x" respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes."
    Size: 2 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    "init: Id "x" respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes." In most distributions this

  • FTP server says: "421 service not available, remote server has closed
    Size: 2 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    connection." FTP server says: "421 service not available, remote server has closed conne

  • Does Linux Support X?
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    Does Linux Support X? Yes. Linux uses XFree86 (the current version is 4.0, which is bas

  • How To Get the X Window System to Work
    Size: 3 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    How To Get the X Window System to Work The answers to this question can, and do, fill entire b

  • Where To Find a Ready-Made XF86Config file
    Size: 2 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    Where To Find a Ready-Made XF86Config file If you can't seem to get X working using the guidel

  • What Desktop Environments Run on Linux?
    Size: 2 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    What Desktop Environments Run on Linux? Linux with XFree86 supports the KDE, GNOME, and

  • xterm Logins Show Up Strangely in who, finger
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    xterm Logins Show Up Strangely in who, finger The xterm that comes with XFree86 2.1 and earlie

  • How to Start a X Client on Another Display
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    How to Start a X Client on Another Display To start a X client on another system that has a ru

  • If this Document Still Hasn't Answered Your Question...
    Size: 3 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    If this Document Still Hasn't Answered Your Question... Please read all of this answer before

  • What to Put in a Request for Help
    Size: 3 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    What to Put in a Request for Help Please read the following advice carefully about how to writ

  • How To Email Someone about Your Problem
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    How To Email Someone about Your Problem Try to find the author or developer of whatever progra

  • Where To Send Comments
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    Where To Send Comments Contributions to the FAQ may be in any format. Comments and co

  • Formats in Which This FAQ Is Available
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    Formats in Which This FAQ Is Available This document is available as an ASCII text file, an HT

  • Authorship and Acknowledgments
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    Authorship and Acknowledgments This FAQ is compiled and maintained by Robert Kiesling, act

  • Disclaimer and Copyright
    Size: 1 KB, Last Update:9 Jul 2002
    Disclaimer and Copyright The GNU Free Documentation License Copyright (c) 2001 Robert


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